广开
问题
简述政府对完全垄断的调节与管制
答案
凯恩斯主义经济学认为垄断存在三个问题：一是缺乏效率；二是缺乏公平；三是和完全竞争或垄断竞争相比，垄断时产品价格高，产量低，抑制需求，不利于增加供给。 针对垄断造成的市场失灵，政府通常对垄断实行管制，主要是通过法律形式，即制定反垄断法或反托拉斯来控制垄断价格，限制垄断产量。政府对价格和产量的控制确定在什么标准上才算合理？总体来说，政府应降低价格、增加产量，价格降多少，产量增加多少，可从两个角度考虑： 第一，为提高效率，实行帕累托最优，实现帕累托最优的条件为P=MC。 第二，为实现公平，减少或消除超额利润，减少超额利润的条件是P=AC。 政府控制垄断的目标是实现帕累托最优，同时兼顾公平。
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Graffiti painting is traditionally a daredevil pursuit. Teenagers dodge security guards to put their names on trains and buses. But over the past decade, graffiti has all but disappeared from Britain's cities. Between 2007 and 2012 the number of incidents of graffiti recorded by the British Transport Police fell by 63%. A survey by the Environment Ministry shows that fewer places are blighted by tags than ever. Graffiti are increasingly confined to sanctioned walls, such as the Stockwell ball courts. In time the practice may die out entirely.
The most obvious reason for the decline in tagging and train-painting is better policing. Numerous CCTV cameras mean it is harder to get away with painting illegally. And punishments are more severe. A generational shift is apparent, too. Fewer teenagers are getting into painting walls. They prefer to play with iPads and video games. Some have gone to art school and want to make money from their paintings. The Internet means that painters can win far more attention by posting pictures online than they can by breaking into a railway yard.
Taggers and graffiti artists mostly grew up in the 1980s and 1990s. Those men—and almost all are men—are now older and less willing to take risks. Graffiti may eventually disappear. But for now the hobby is almost respectable. The former graffiti artists paint abandoned warehouses at the weekend. It has become something to do on a Sunday afternoon—a slightly healthier alternative to sitting and watching football.
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4.Some teenagers go to art school in order to learn to paint walls. 4
5.Taggers and graffiti artists are still willing to take risks. 5
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